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CNY to TRY Live Rate

Last updated June, 07 14:32 (GMT -4:00)

1 CNY = 3.2577 TRY

Prev. Close: 3.0226 Day's Range: 3.0809 - 3.2643

CNY

₺

TRY

CNY Popular Exchange Rates(today)

Exchange	Rate	Last day
CNY to GBP rate	0.11271 ▼	0.113
CNY to EUR rate	0.13107 ▼	0.1313
CNY to AUD rate	0.21076 ▲	0.2102
CNY to CAD rate	0.1876 ▼	0.1881
CNY to USD rate	0.14026 ▼	0.1404
CNY to NZD rate	0.23222 ▲	0.2311
CNY to TRY rate	3.25666 ▲	3.0982
CNY to DKK rate	0.97643 ▼	0.9781
CNY to AED rate	0.51516 ▼	0.5158
CNY to NOK rate	1.54838 ▼	1.5579
CNY to SEK rate	1.52849 ▼	1.5328
CNY to CHF rate	0.1276 ▲	0.1274
CNY to JPY rate	19.65629 ▲	19.6048
CNY to HKD rate	1.09993 ▼	1.1015
CNY to MXN rate	2.43572 ▼	2.4407
CNY to SGD rate	0.18918 ▼	0.1892
CNY to ZAR rate	2.68406 ▼	2.6987

Economic indicators of China and Turkey

Indicator	China	Turkey
Private Consumption	438,849 100 Mil. CNY, Annual; 2021	-
Investment	42,201,880,000,000 CNY, Annual; 2019	-
Real GDP	64,346 Bil. CNY, Annual; 2016	-
Real Private Consumption	2,191,625,284,256 2010 USD, Annual; 2010	-
Consumer Price Index (CPI)	100.1 Index CPPY=100, NSA, Monthly; Apr 2023	-
Producer Price Index (PPI)	96.4 Index, Same Month of Prior Year=100, NSA, Monthly; Apr 2023	-
Imports of Goods	2,549,079,301 Ths. USD, SAAR, Monthly; Apr 2023	-
Exports of Goods	3,772,016,751 Ths. USD, SAAR, Monthly; Apr 2023	-
Net Exports	2,400 Bil. CNY, Annual; 2015	-
Lending Rate	2.45 % - End of period, Monthly; Jun 2017	-
Retail Sales	34,910 100 Mil. CNY, NSA, Monthly; Apr 2023	-
Personal Income	180,817 100 Mil. CNY, Annual; 2021	-

CNY to TRY Historical Rates(table)

Date	Open	Highest	Lowest	Close
CNY to TRY (2023-06-07)	3.2577	3.0824	3.2643	3.0809
CNY to TRY (2023-06-06)	3.0298	2.9936	3.0418	2.9803
CNY to TRY (2023-06-05)	2.9925	2.9643	3.0057	2.9351
CNY to TRY (2023-06-02)	2.9574	2.9330	2.9743	2.9183
CNY to TRY (2023-06-01)	2.9313	2.9247	2.9472	2.8972
CNY to TRY (2023-05-31)	2.9241	2.8936	2.9397	2.8740
CNY to TRY (2023-05-30)	2.8910	2.8424	2.9021	2.8273
CNY to TRY (2023-05-29)	2.8402	2.8307	2.8584	2.8128
CNY to TRY (2023-05-26)	2.8205	2.8168	2.8574	2.8024
CNY to TRY (2023-05-25)	2.8154	2.8179	2.8338	2.7973
CNY to TRY (2023-05-24)	2.8162	2.8142	2.8391	2.7961
CNY to TRY (2023-05-23)	2.8120	2.8194	2.8814	2.7961
CNY to TRY (2023-05-22)	2.8183	2.8287	2.8692	2.8012
CNY to TRY (2023-05-19)	2.8234	2.8140	2.8431	2.7916
CNY to TRY (2023-05-18)	2.8116	2.8228	2.8377	2.7922
CNY to TRY (2023-05-17)	2.8206	2.8266	2.8421	2.7980
CNY to TRY (2023-05-16)	2.8261	2.8292	2.8458	2.8068
CNY to TRY (2023-05-15)	2.8264	2.8189	2.8456	2.8005
CNY to TRY (2023-05-12)	2.8107	2.8128	2.8387	2.7917
CNY to TRY (2023-05-11)	2.8132	2.8189	2.8397	2.7963
CNY to TRY (2023-05-10)	2.8175	2.8208	2.8409	2.7976
CNY to TRY (2023-05-09)	2.8178	2.8221	2.8366	2.8010
CNY to TRY (2023-05-08)	2.8208	2.8218	2.8384	2.7993

CNY to TRY Handy Conversion

1 CNY = 3.258 TRY

2 CNY = 6.515 TRY

3 CNY = 9.773 TRY

4 CNY = 13.031 TRY

5 CNY = 16.289 TRY

6 CNY = 19.546 TRY

7 CNY = 22.804 TRY

8 CNY = 26.062 TRY

9 CNY = 29.319 TRY

10 CNY = 32.577 TRY

15 CNY = 48.866 TRY

20 CNY = 65.154 TRY

25 CNY = 81.443 TRY

50 CNY = 162.885 TRY

100 CNY = 325.77 TRY

200 CNY = 651.54 TRY

250 CNY = 814.425 TRY

500 CNY = 1628.85 TRY

750 CNY = 2443.275 TRY

1000 CNY = 3257.7 TRY

1500 CNY = 4886.55 TRY

2000 CNY = 6515.4 TRY

5000 CNY = 16288.5 TRY

10000 CNY = 32577 TRY

Comparison between China and Turkey

Background comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

China	Turkey
For centuries China stood as a leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world in the arts and sciences, but in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War II, the Communist Party of China under MAO Zedong established an autocratic socialist system that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, MAO's successor DENG Xiaoping and other leaders focused on market-oriented economic development and by 2000 output had quadrupled. For much of the population, living standards have improved dramatically but political controls remain tight. Since the early 1990s, China has increased its global outreach and participation in international organizations.	Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." Under his leadership, the country adopted radical social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democrat Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of formal political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a "post-modern coup" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. A coup attempt was made in July 2016 by a faction of the Turkish Armed Forces. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a US-designated terrorist organization, has long dominated the attention of Turkish security forces and claimed more than 40,000 lives. In 2013, the Turkish Government and the PKK conducted negotiations aimed at ending the violence, however intense fighting resumed in 2015. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; it began accession talks with the EU in 2005. Over the past decade, economic reforms, coupled with some political reforms, have contributed to a growing economy, although economic growth slowed in recent years. From 2015 and continuing through 2016, Turkey witnessed an uptick in terrorist violence, including major attacks in Ankara, Istanbul, and throughout the predominantly Kurdish southeastern region of Turkey. On 15 July 2016, elements of the Turkish Armed forces attempted a coup that ultimately failed following widespread popular resistance. More than 240 people were killed and over 2,000 injured when Turkish citizens took to the streets en masse to confront the coup forces. In response, Turkish Government authorities arrested, suspended, or dismissed more than 100,000 security personnel, journalists, judges, academics, and civil servants due to their alleged connection with the attempted coup. The government accused followers of an Islamic transnational religious and social movement for allegedly instigating the failed coup and designates the followers as terrorists. Following the failed coup, the Turkish Government instituted a State of Emergency in July 2016 that has been extended to July 2017. The Turkish Government conducted a referendum on 16 April 2017 that will, when implemented, change Turkey from a parliamentary to a presidential system.

China

Turkey

For centuries China stood as a leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world in the arts and sciences, but in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War II, the Communist Party of China under MAO Zedong established an autocratic socialist system that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, MAO's successor DENG Xiaoping and other leaders focused on market-oriented economic development and by 2000 output had quadrupled. For much of the population, living standards have improved dramatically but political controls remain tight. Since the early 1990s, China has increased its global outreach and participation in international organizations.

Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." Under his leadership, the country adopted radical social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democrat Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of formal political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a "post-modern coup" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. A coup attempt was made in July 2016 by a faction of the Turkish Armed Forces.

Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a US-designated terrorist organization, has long dominated the attention of Turkish security forces and claimed more than 40,000 lives. In 2013, the Turkish Government and the PKK conducted negotiations aimed at ending the violence, however intense fighting resumed in 2015. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; it began accession talks with the EU in 2005. Over the past decade, economic reforms, coupled with some political reforms, have contributed to a growing economy, although economic growth slowed in recent years.

From 2015 and continuing through 2016, Turkey witnessed an uptick in terrorist violence, including major attacks in Ankara, Istanbul, and throughout the predominantly Kurdish southeastern region of Turkey. On 15 July 2016, elements of the Turkish Armed forces attempted a coup that ultimately failed following widespread popular resistance. More than 240 people were killed and over 2,000 injured when Turkish citizens took to the streets en masse to confront the coup forces. In response, Turkish Government authorities arrested, suspended, or dismissed more than 100,000 security personnel, journalists, judges, academics, and civil servants due to their alleged connection with the attempted coup. The government accused followers of an Islamic transnational religious and social movement for allegedly instigating the failed coup and designates the followers as terrorists. Following the failed coup, the Turkish Government instituted a State of Emergency in July 2016 that has been extended to July 2017. The Turkish Government conducted a referendum on 16 April 2017 that will, when implemented, change Turkey from a parliamentary to a presidential system.

Geography comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

	China	Turkey
Location	Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam	Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria
Geographic coordinates	35 00 N, 105 00 E	39 00 N, 35 00 E
Map references	Asia	Middle East
Area	total: 9,596,960 sq km land: 9,326,410 sq km water: 270,550 sq km country comparison to the world: 5	total: 783,562 sq km land: 769,632 sq km water: 13,930 sq km country comparison to the world: 38
Land boundaries	total: 22,457 km border countries (14): Afghanistan 91 km, Bhutan 477 km, Burma 2,129 km, India 2,659 km, Kazakhstan 1,765 km, North Korea 1,352 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,063 km, Laos 475 km, Mongolia 4,630 km, Nepal 1,389 km, Pakistan 438 km, Russia (northeast) 4,133 km, Russia (northwest) 46 km, Tajikistan 477 km, Vietnam 1,297 km regional border(s) (2): Hong Kong 33 km, Macau 3 km	total: 2,816 km border countries (8): Armenia 311 km, Azerbaijan 17 km, Bulgaria 223 km, Georgia 273 km, Greece 192 km, Iran 534 km, Iraq 367 km, Syria 899 km
Coastline	14,500 km	7,200 km
Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin	territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea; 12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR
Climate	extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north	temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Terrain	mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east	high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges
Elevation	mean elevation: 1,840 m elevation extremes: lowest point: Turpan Pendi -154 m highest point: Mount Everest 8,848 m (highest peak in Asia and highest point on earth above sea level)	mean elevation: 1,132 m elevation extremes: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m highest point: Mount Ararat 5,137 m
Natural resources	coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, rare earth elements, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest), arable land	coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower
Land use	agricultural land: 54.7% arable land 11.3%; permanent crops 1.6%; permanent pasture 41.8% forest: 22.3% other: 23% (2011 est.)	agricultural land: 49.7% arable land 26.7%; permanent crops 4%; permanent pasture 19% forest: 14.9% other: 35.4% (2011 est.)
Irrigated land	690,070 sq km (2012)	52,150 sq km (2012)
Population - distribution	overwhelming majority of the population is found in the eastern half of the country; the west, with its vast mountainous and desert areas, remains sparsely populated; though ranked first in the world in total population, overall density is less than that of many other countries in Asia and Europe; high population density is found along the Yangtze and Yellow River valleys, the Xi Jiang River delta, the Sichuan Basin (around Chengdu), in and around Beijing, and the industrial area around Shenyang	the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast
Natural hazards	frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land subsidence volcanism: China contains some historically active volcanoes including Changbaishan (also known as Baitoushan, Baegdu, or P'aektu-san), Hainan Dao, and Kunlun although most have been relatively inactive in recent centuries	severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van; landslides; flooding volcanism: limited volcanic activity; its three historically active volcanoes; Ararat, Nemrut Dagi, and Tendurek Dagi have not erupted since the 19th century or earlier
Environment - current issues	air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal produces acid rain; China is the world's largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water shortages, particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes; coastal destruction due to land reclamation, industrial development, and aquaculture; deforestation and habitat destruction; poor land management leads to soil erosion, landslides, floods, droughts, dust storms and desertification; trade in endangered species	water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic
Environment - international agreements	party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements	party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Geography - note	world's fourth largest country (after Russia, Canada, and US) and largest country situated entirely in Asia; Mount Everest on the border with Nepal is the world's tallest peak above sea level	strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link the Black and Aegean Seas; the 3% of Turkish territory north of the Straits lies in Europe and goes by the names of European Turkey, Eastern Thrace, or Turkish Thrace; the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia; Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's ark, is in the far eastern portion of the country

People comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

	China	Turkey
Population	1,379,302,771 (July 2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 1	80,845,215 (July 2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 18
Nationality	noun: Chinese (singular and plural) adjective: Chinese	noun: Turk(s) adjective: Turkish
Ethnic groups	Han Chinese 91.6%, Zhuang 1.3%, other (includes Hui, Manchu, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Tujia, Tibetan, Mongol, Dong, Buyei, Yao, Bai, Korean, Hani, Li, Kazakh, Dai, and other nationalities) 7.1% note: the Chinese Government officially recognizes 56 ethnic groups (2010 est.)	Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 19%, other minorities 7-12% (2016 est.)
Languages	Standard Chinese or Mandarin (official; Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry) note: Zhuang is official in Guangxi Zhuang, Yue is official in Guangdong, Mongolian is official in Nei Mongol, Uighur is official in Xinjiang Uygur, Kyrgyz is official in Xinjiang Uygur, and Tibetan is official in Xizang (Tibet)	Turkish (official), Kurdish, other minority languages
Religions	Buddhist 18.2%, Christian 5.1%, Muslim 1.8%, folk religion 21.9%, Hindu < 0.1%, Jewish < 0.1%, other 0.7% (includes Daoist (Taoist)), unaffiliated 52.2% note: officially atheist (2010 est.)	Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)
Dependency ratios	total dependency ratio: 37.7 youth dependency ratio: 24.3 elderly dependency ratio: 13.3 potential support ratio: 7.5 data do not include Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan (2015 est.)	total dependency ratio: 50.1 youth dependency ratio: 38.4 elderly dependency ratio: 11.7 potential support ratio: 8.5 (2015 est.)
Median age	total: 37.4 years male: 36.5 years female: 38.4 years (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 67	total: 30.9 years male: 30.5 years female: 31.4 years (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 110
Population growth rate	0.41% (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 160	0.52% (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 153
Birth rate	12.3 births/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 161	15.7 births/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 119
Death rate	7.8 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 101	6 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 165
Net migration rate	-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 121	-4.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 185
Population distribution	overwhelming majority of the population is found in the eastern half of the country; the west, with its vast mountainous and desert areas, remains sparsely populated; though ranked first in the world in total population, overall density is less than that of many other countries in Asia and Europe; high population density is found along the Yangtze and Yellow River valleys, the Xi Jiang River delta, the Sichuan Basin (around Chengdu), in and around Beijing, and the industrial area around Shenyang	the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast
Urbanization	urban population: 57.9% of total population (2017) rate of urbanization: 2.3% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.) note: data do not include Hong Kong and Macau	urban population: 74.4% of total population (2017) rate of urbanization: 1.54% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Major urban areas - population	Shanghai 23.741 million; BEIJING (capital) 20.384 million; Chongqing 13.332 million; Guangdong 12.458 million; Tianjin 11.21 million; Shenzhen 10.749 million (2015)	Istanbul 14.164 million; ANKARA (capital) 4.75 million; Izmir 3.04 million; Bursa 1.923 million; Adana 1.83 million; Gaziantep 1.528 million (2015)
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.14 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.17 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.14 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2017 est.)	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio	27 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 119	16 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 134
Infant mortality rate	total: 12 deaths/1,000 live births male: 12.3 deaths/1,000 live births female: 11.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 122	total: 17.6 deaths/1,000 live births male: 18.8 deaths/1,000 live births female: 16.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 91
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 75.7 years male: 73.6 years female: 78 years (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 102	total population: 75 years male: 72.7 years female: 77.5 years (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 113
Total fertility rate	1.6 children born/woman (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 182	2.01 children born/woman (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 118
Health expenditures	5.5% of GDP (2014) country comparison to the world: 125	5.4% of GDP (2014) country comparison to the world: 131
Physicians density	3.63 physicians/1,000 population (2015)	1.75 physicians/1,000 population (2014)
Hospital bed density	4.2 beds/1,000 population (2012)	2.7 beds/1,000 population (2013)
Drinking water source	improved: urban: 97.5% of population rural: 93% of population total: 95.5% of population unimproved: urban: 2.5% of population rural: 7% of population total: 4.5% of population (2015 est.)	improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
Sanitation facility access	improved: urban: 86.6% of population rural: 63.7% of population total: 76.5% of population unimproved: urban: 13.4% of population rural: 36.3% of population total: 23.5% of population (2015 est.)	improved: urban: 98.3% of population rural: 85.5% of population total: 94.9% of population unimproved: urban: 1.7% of population rural: 14.5% of population total: 5.1% of population (2015 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate	NA	NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS	NA	NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths	NA	NA
Major infectious diseases	degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: Japanese encephalitis soil contact disease: hantaviral hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) (2016)	-
Obesity - adult prevalence rate	6.2% (2016) country comparison to the world: 169	32.1% (2016) country comparison to the world: 17
Children under the age of 5 years underweight	3.4% (2010) country comparison to the world: 109	1.9% (2013) country comparison to the world: 123
Education expenditures	NA	4.4% of GDP (2014) country comparison to the world: 142
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 96.4% male: 98.2% female: 94.5% (2015 est.)	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 95.6% male: 98.6% female: 92.6% (2015 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)	total: 14 years male: 14 years female: 14 years (2015)	total: 16 years male: 17 years female: 16 years (2013)
People - note	in October 2015, the Chinese Government announced that it would change its rules to allow all couples to have two children, loosening a 1979 mandate that restricted many couples to one child; the new policy was implemented on 1 January 2016 to address China’s rapidly aging population and economic needs	-
Mother's mean age at first birth	-	22.3 years (2010 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate	-	73.5% (2013)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24	-	total: 18.5% male: 16.5% female: 22.2% (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 72

Government comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

	China	Turkey
Country name	conventional long form: People's Republic of China conventional short form: China local long form: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo local short form: Zhongguo abbreviation: PRC etymology: English name derives from the Qin (Chin) rulers of the 3rd century B.C., who comprised the first imperial dynasty of ancient China; the Chinese name Zhongguo translates as "Central Nation"	conventional long form: Republic of Turkey conventional short form: Turkey local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti local short form: Turkiye etymology: the name means "Land of the Turks"
Government type	communist party-led state	parliamentary republic
Capital	capital: Beijing geographic coordinates: 39 55 N, 116 23 E time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) note; despite its size, all of China falls within one time zone	name: Ankara geographic coordinates: 39 56 N, 32 52 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions	23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4 municipalities (shi, singular and plural) provinces: Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; (see note on Taiwan) autonomous regions: Guangxi, Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), Ningxia, Xinjiang Uygur, Xizang (Tibet) municipalities: Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Tianjin note: China considers Taiwan its 23rd province; see separate entries for the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau	81 provinces (iller, singular - ili); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak
Independence	1 October 1949 (People's Republic of China established); notable earlier dates: 221 B.C. (unification under the Qin Dynasty); 1 January 1912 (Qing Dynasty replaced by the Republic of China)	29 October 1923 (republic proclaimed succeeding the Ottoman Empire)
National holiday	National Day (anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949)	Republic Day, 29 October (1923)
Constitution	history: several previous; latest promulgated 4 December 1982 amendments: proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress or supported by more than one-fifth of the National People’s Congress membership; passage requires more than two-thirds majority vote of the Congress membership; amended several times, last in 2018 (2018)	history: several previous; latest ratified 9 November 1982 amendments: proposed by written consent of at least one-third of Grand National Assembly (GNA) members; adoption of draft amendments requires two debates in plenary GNA session and three-fifths majority vote of all GNA members; the president of the republic can request GNA reconsideration of the amendment and, if readopted by two-thirds majority GNA vote, the president may submit the amendment to a referendum; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote; amended several times, last in 2017 (2018)
Legal system	civil law influenced by Soviet and continental European civil law systems; legislature retains power to interpret statutes; note - in early 2017, the National People's Congress took the first step in adopting a new civil code by passing the General Provisions of the Civil Law	civil law system based on various European legal systems, notably the Swiss civil code
International law organization participation	has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt	has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship	citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: least one parent must be a citizen of China dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: while naturalization is theoretically possible, in practical terms it is extremely difficult; residency is required but not specified	citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkey dual citizenship recognized: yes, but requires prior permission from the government residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal	18 years of age; universal
Executive branch	chief of state: President XI Jinping (since 14 March 2013); Vice President WANG Quishan (since 17 March 2018) head of government: Premier LI Keqiang (since 16 March 2013); Executive Vice Premiers HAN Zheng (since 19 March 2018), SUN Chunlan (since 19 March 2018), LIU He (since 19 March 2018), HU Chunhua (since 19 March 2018) cabinet: State Council appointed by National People's Congress elections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected by National People's Congress for a 5-year term (unlimited terms); election last held on 17 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2023); premier nominated by president, confirmed by National People's Congress election results: XI Jinping reelected president; National People's Congress vote - 2,970 (unanimously); WANG Quishan elected vice president with 2,969 votes	chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 10 August 2014) head of government: Prime Minister Binali YILDIRIM (since 22 May 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Recep AKDAG (since 20 July 2017), Bekir BOZDAG (since 20 July 2017), Hakan CAVUSOGLU (since 20 July 2017), Fikri ISIK (since 20 July 2017), Mehmet SIMSEK (since 24 November 2015) cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president (until the next parliamentary or presidential election following the April 2017 referendum) elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament; note - a 2007 constitutional amendment changed the presidential electoral process to direct popular vote; prime minister appointed by the president from among members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey; election last held on 10 August 2014 (next to be held on 24 June 2018) election results: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN elected president; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 51.8%, Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU (independent) 38.4%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 9.8%
Legislative branch	description: unicameral National People's Congress or Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui (maximum of 3,000 seats; members indirectly elected by municipal, regional, and provincial people's congresses, and the People's Liberation Army; members serve 5-year terms); note - in practice, only members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), its 8 allied parties, and CCP-approved independent candidates are elected elections: last held in December 2012-February 2013 (next to be held in late 2017 to early 2018) election results: percent of vote - NA; seats by party - NA	description: unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (550 seats - will increase to 600 at November 2018 election); members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms - term increased to 5 years beginning with November 2018 election) elections: last held on 1 November 2015 (next to be held on 24 June 2018) election results: percent of vote by party - AKP 49.5%, CHP 25.3%, MHP 11.9%, HDP 10.8%, other 2.5%; seats by party - AKP 317, CHP 134, HDP 59, MHP 40, ; note - only parties surpassing the 10% threshold can win parliamentary seats
Judicial branch	highest court(s): Supreme People's Court (consists of over 340 judges including the chief justice, 13 grand justices organized into a civil committee and tribunals for civil, economic, administrative, complaint and appeal, and communication and transportation cases); note - in late December 2016, the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth circuit courts of the Supreme People's Court began operation judge selection and term of office: chief justice appointed by the People's National Congress (NPC); limited to 2 consecutive 5-year-terms; other justices and judges nominated by the chief justice and appointed by the Standing Committee of the NPC; term of other justices and judges determined by the NPC subordinate courts: Higher People's Courts; Intermediate People's Courts; District and County People's Courts; Autonomous Region People's Courts; Special People's Courts for military, maritime, transportation, and forestry issues note: in late 2014, China unveiled planned judicial reforms	highest court: Constitutional Court or Anayasa Mahkemesi (consists of 17 members - a constitutional referendum held in 2017 approved an amendment to reduce to 15 from 17 the number of Constitutional Court judges); Court of Cassation (consists of about 390 judges and is organized into civil and penal chambers); Council of State (organized into 15 divisions - 14 judicial and 1 consultative - each with a division head and at least 5 members) judge selection and term of office: Constitutional Court members - 3 appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 12 by the president of the republic; court president and 2 deputy presidents appointed from among its members for 4-year terms; judges appointed for 12-year, nonrenewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Board of Judges and Prosecutors, a 13-member body of judicial officials; Court of Cassation judges appointed until retirement at age 65; Council of State members appointed by the Board and by the president of the republic; members appointed for renewable, 4-year terms subordinate courts: regional appeals courts; basic (first instance) courts, peace courts; military courts; state security courts; specialized courts, including administrative and audit; note - a constitutional amendment in 2017 abolished military courts unless established to investigate military personnel actions during war conditions
Political parties and leaders	Chinese Communist Party or CCP [XI Jinping] note: China has 8 nominally independent small parties controlled by the CCP	Democrat Party or DP [Gultekin UYSAL] Democratic Left Party or DSP [Onder AKSAKAL] Felicity Party or SP [Temel KARAMOLLAOGLU] Good Party or IYI [Meral AKSENER] Grand Unity Party or BBP [Mustafa DESTICI] Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN] Nationalist Movement Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI] Patriotic Party or VP [Dogu PERINCEK] People's Democratic Party or HDP [Selahattin DEMIRTAS and Serpil KEMALBAY]; note - DEMIRTAS was detained by Turkish authorities in November 2016 over his alleged links to the PKK Republican People's Party or CHP [Kemal KILICDAROGLU] True Path Party or DYP [Cetin OZACIRGOZ]
Political pressure groups and leaders	no substantial political opposition groups exist	Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Mehmet BOZGEYIK, Aysun GEZEN, cochairs] Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Kani BEKO] Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Abfuttahman KAAN] Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Mahmut ARSLAN] Turkish Confederation of Employer Associations or TISK [Kudret ONEN] Turkish Confederation of Labor Unions or Turk-Is [Ergun ATALAY] Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or TESK [Bendevi PALANDOKEN] Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Erol BILECIK] Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU]
International organization participation	ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council (observer), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, CDB, CICA, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-24 (observer), G-5, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SCO, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNSC (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC	ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CPLP (associate observer), D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue member), SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US	chief of mission: Ambassador CUI Tiankai (since 3 April 2013) chancery: 3505 International Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 495-2266 FAX: [1] (202) 495-2138 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco	chief of mission: Ambassador Serdar KILIC (since 21 May 2014) chancery: 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 612-6700 FAX: [1] (202) 612-6744 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Terry BRANSTAD (since 12 July 2017) embassy: 55 An Jia Lou Lu, 100600 Beijing mailing address: PSC 461, Box 50, FPO AP 96521-0002 telephone: [86] (10) 8531-3000 FAX: [86] (10) 8531-3300 consulate(s) general: Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenyang, Wuhan	chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affairs Philip KOSNETT (since 16 October 2017) embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Kavaklidere, 06100 Ankara mailing address: PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823 telephone: [90] (312) 455-5555 FAX: [90] (312) 467-0019 consulate(s) general: Istanbul consulate(s): Adana
Flag description	red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner; the color red represents revolution, while the stars symbolize the four social classes - the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie (capitalists) - united under the Communist Party of China	red with a vertical white crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening; the flag colors and designs closely resemble those on the banner of the Ottoman Empire, which preceded modern-day Turkey; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for Turkic peoples; according to one interpretation, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors
National symbol(s)	dragon, giant panda; national colors: red, yellow	star and crescent; national colors: red, white
National anthem	name: "Yiyongjun Jinxingqu" (The March of the Volunteers) lyrics/music: TIAN Han/NIE Er note: adopted 1949; the anthem, though banned during the Cultural Revolution, is more commonly known as "Zhongguo Guoge" (Chinese National Song); it was originally the theme song to the 1935 Chinese movie, "Sons and Daughters in a Time of Storm"	name: "Istiklal Marsi" (Independence March) lyrics/music: Mehmet Akif ERSOY/Zeki UNGOR note: lyrics adopted 1921, music adopted 1932; the anthem's original music was adopted in 1924; a new composition was agreed upon in 1932

Economy comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

	China	Turkey
Economy - overview	Since the late 1970s, China has moved from a closed, centrally planned system to a more market-oriented one that plays a major global role. China has implemented reforms in a gradualist fashion, resulting in efficiency gains that have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. Reforms began with the phaseout of collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, growth of the private sector, development of stock markets and a modern banking system, and opening to foreign trade and investment. China continues to pursue an industrial policy, state support of key sectors, and a restrictive investment regime. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts for price differences, China in 2016 stood as the largest economy in the world, surpassing the US in 2014 for the first time in modern history. China became the world's largest exporter in 2010, and the largest trading nation in 2013. Still, China's per capita income is below the world average. After keeping its currency tightly linked to the US dollar for years, China in July 2005 moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. From mid-2005 to late 2008, the renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the US dollar, but the exchange rate remained virtually pegged to the dollar from the onset of the global financial crisis until June 2010, when Beijing announced it would allow a resumption of gradual liberalization. From 2013 until early 2015, the renminbi (RMB) appreciated roughly 2% against the dollar, but the exchange rate fell 13% from mid-2015 until end-2016 amid strong capital outflows in part stemming from the August 2015 official devaluation; in 2017 the RMB resumed appreciating against the dollar – roughly 7% from end-of-2016 to end-of-2017. From 2013 to 2017, China had one of the fastest growing economies in the world, averaging slightly more than 7% real growth per year. In 2015, the People’s Bank of China announced it would continue to carefully push for full convertibility of the renminbi, after the currency was accepted as part of the IMF’s special drawing rights basket. However, since late 2015 the Chinese Government has strengthened capital controls and oversight of overseas investments to better manage the exchange rate and maintain financial stability. The Chinese Government faces numerous economic challenges including: (a) reducing its high domestic savings rate and correspondingly low domestic household consumption; (b) managing its high corporate debt burden to maintain financial stability; (c) controlling off-balance sheet local government debt used to finance infrastructure stimulus; (d) facilitating higher-wage job opportunities for the aspiring middle class, including rural migrants and college graduates, while maintaining competitiveness; (e) dampening speculative investment in the real estate sector without sharply slowing the economy; (f) reducing industrial overcapacity; and (g) raising productivity growth rates through the more efficient allocation of capital and state-support for innovation. Economic development has progressed further in coastal provinces than in the interior, and by 2016 more than 169.3 million migrant workers and their dependents had relocated to urban areas to find work. One consequence of China’s population control policy known as the “one-child policy” - which was relaxed in 2016 to permit all families to have two children - is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. Deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the North - is another long-term problem. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and urbanization. The Chinese Government is seeking to add energy production capacity from sources other than coal and oil, focusing on natural gas, nuclear, and clean energy development. In 2016, China ratified the Paris Agreement, a multilateral agreement to combat climate change, and committed to peak its carbon dioxide emissions between 2025 and 2030. The government's 13th Five-Year Plan, unveiled in March 2016, emphasizes the need to increase innovation and boost domestic consumption to make the economy less dependent on government investment, exports, and heavy industry. However, China has made more progress on subsidizing innovation than rebalancing the economy. Beijing has committed to giving the market a more decisive role in allocating resources, but the Chinese Government’s policies continue to favor state-owned enterprises and emphasize stability. Chinese leaders in 2010 pledged to double China’s GDP by 2020, and the 13th Five Year Plan includes annual economic growth targets of at least 6.5% through 2020 to achieve that goal. In recent years, China has renewed its support for state-owned enterprises in sectors considered important to "economic security," explicitly looking to foster globally competitive industries. Chinese leaders also have undermined some market-oriented reforms by reaffirming the “dominant” role of the state in the economy, a stance that threatens to discourage private initiative and make the economy less efficient over time. The slight acceleration in economic growth in 2017—the first such uptick since 2010—gives Beijing more latitude to pursue its economic reforms, focusing on financial sector deleveraging and its Supply-Side Structural Reform agenda, first announced in late 2015.	Turkey's largely free-market economy is driven by its industry and, increasingly, service sectors, although its traditional agriculture sector still accounts for about 25% of employment. The automotive, petrochemical, and electronics industries have risen in importance and surpassed the traditional textiles and clothing sectors within Turkey's export mix. However, the recent period of political stability and economic dynamism has given way to domestic uncertainty and security concerns, which are generating financial market volatility and weighing on Turkey’s economic outlook. Current government policies emphasize populist spending measures and credit breaks, while implementation of structural economic reforms has slowed. The government is playing a more active role in some strategic sectors and has used economic institutions and regulators to target political opponents, undermining private sector confidence in the judicial system. Between July 2016 and March 2017, three credit ratings agencies downgraded Turkey’s sovereign credit ratings, citing concerns about the rule of law and the pace of economic reforms. Turkey remains highly dependent on imported oil and gas but is pursuing energy relationships with a broader set of international partners and taking steps to increase use of domestic energy sources including renewables, nuclear, and coal. The joint Turkish-Azerbaijani Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline is moving forward to increase transport of Caspian gas to Turkey and Europe, and when completed will help diversify Turkey's sources of imported gas. After Turkey experienced a severe financial crisis in 2001, Ankara adopted financial and fiscal reforms as part of an IMF program. The reforms strengthened the country's economic fundamentals and ushered in an era of strong growth averaging more than 6% annually until 2008. An aggressive privatization program also reduced state involvement in basic industry, banking, transport, power generation, and communication. Global economic conditions and tighter fiscal policy caused GDP to contract in 2009, but Turkey's well-regulated financial markets and banking system helped the country weather the global financial crisis, and GDP growth rebounded to around 9% in 2010 and 2011, as exports and investment recovered following the crisis. The growth of Turkish GDP since 2016 has revealed the persistent underlying imbalances in the Turkish economy. In particular, Turkey’s large current account deficit means it must rely on external investment inflows to finance growth, leaving the economy vulnerable to destabilizing shifts in investor confidence. Other troublesome trends include rising unemployment and inflation, which increased in 2017, given the Turkish lira’s continuing depreciation against the dollar. Although government debt remains low at about 30% of GDP, bank and corporate borrowing has almost tripled as a percent of GDP during the past decade, outpacing its emerging-market peers and prompting investor concerns about its long-term sustainability.
GDP (purchasing power parity)	$23.12 trillion (2017 est.) $21.66 trillion (2016 est.) $20.3 trillion (2015 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars country comparison to the world: 1	$2.133 trillion (2017 est.) $2.029 trillion (2016 est.) $1.966 trillion (2015 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars country comparison to the world: 14
GDP (official exchange rate)	$11.94 trillion (2017 est.) note: because China's exchange rate is determined by fiat rather than by market forces, the official exchange rate measure of GDP is not an accurate measure of China's output; GDP at the official exchange rate substantially understates the actual level of China's output vis-a-vis the rest of the world; in China's situation, GDP at purchasing power parity provides the best measure for comparing output across countries	$841.2 billion (2017 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	6.8% (2017 est.) 6.7% (2016 est.) 6.9% (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 13	5.1% (2017 est.) 3.2% (2016 est.) 6.1% (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 38
GDP - per capita (PPP)	$16,600 (2017 est.) $15,700 (2016 est.) $14,800 (2015 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars country comparison to the world: 106	$26,500 (2017 est.) $25,400 (2016 est.) $25,000 (2015 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars country comparison to the world: 75
Gross national saving	45.4% of GDP (2017 est.) 45.9% of GDP (2016 est.) 47.5% of GDP (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 4	25.1% of GDP (2017 est.) 24.5% of GDP (2016 est.) 24.8% of GDP (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 49
GDP - composition, by end use	household consumption: 39.1% government consumption: 14.6% investment in fixed capital: 43.3% investment in inventories: 1.1% exports of goods and services: 19.6% imports of goods and services: -17.7% (2017 est.)	household consumption: 59.8% government consumption: 15.3% investment in fixed capital: 28.6% investment in inventories: -0.9% exports of goods and services: 24% imports of goods and services: -26.8% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin	agriculture: 8.2% industry: 39.5% services: 52.2% (2017 est.)	agriculture: 6.7% industry: 31.8% services: 61.4% (2017 est.)
Agriculture - products	world leader in gross value of agricultural output; rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, tobacco, peanuts, tea, apples, cotton, pork, mutton, eggs; fish, shrimp	tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, hazelnuts, pulses, citrus; livestock
Industries	world leader in gross value of industrial output; mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizer; consumer products (including footwear, toys, and electronics); food processing; transportation equipment, including automobiles, railcars and locomotives, ships, aircraft; telecommunications equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites	textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
Industrial production growth rate	6.2% (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 32	3% (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 100
Labor force	806.7 million note: by the end of 2012, China's population at working age (15-64 years) was 1.004 billion (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 1	31.3 million note: this number is for the domestic labor force only; number does not include about 1.2 million Turks working abroad, nor refugees (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 20
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture: 28.3% industry: 29.3% services: 42.4% (2016 est.)	agriculture: 18.4% industry: 26.6% services: 54.9% (2016 est.)
Unemployment rate	4% (2017 est.) 4% (2016 est.) note: data are for registered urban unemployment, which excludes private enterprises and migrants country comparison to the world: 48	11.2% (2017 est.) 10.9% (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 147
Population below poverty line	3.3% note: in 2011, China set a new poverty line at RMB 2300 (approximately US $400) (2016 est.)	21.9% (2015 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 31.4% note: data are for urban households only (2012 est.)	lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 30.3% (2008 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index	46.5 (2016 est.) 46.2 (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 31	40.2 (2010 est.) 43.6 (2003 est.) country comparison to the world: 65
Budget	revenues: $2.672 trillion expenditures: $3.146 trillion (2017 est.)	revenues: $173.9 billion expenditures: $190.4 billion (2017 est.)
Taxes and other revenues	22.4% of GDP (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 134	20.7% of GDP (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 147
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)	-4% of GDP (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 143	-2% of GDP (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 86
Public debt	18.6% of GDP (2017 est.) 16.1% of GDP (2016 est.) note: official data; data cover both central government debt and local government debt, including debt officially recognized by China's National Audit Office report in 2011; data exclude policy bank bonds, Ministry of Railway debt, and China Asset Management Company debt country comparison to the world: 190	29.6% of GDP (2017 est.) 29.4% of GDP (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 165
Fiscal year	calendar year	calendar year
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	1.8% (2017 est.) 2% (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 82	10.9% (2017 est.) 7.8% (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 205
Central bank discount rate	2.25% (5 December 2017 est.) 2.25% (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 115	5.25% (31 December 2011 est.) 15% (22 December 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 79
Commercial bank prime lending rate	4.4% (5 December 2017 est.) 4.35% (30 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 154	15.2% (31 December 2017 est.) 14.74% (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 42
Stock of narrow money	$8.16 trillion (31 October 2017 est.) $7.001 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 1	$122 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $108.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 33
Stock of broad money	$25.24 trillion (October 2017 est.) $22.3 trillion (December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 1	$445 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $399.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 24
Stock of domestic credit	$26.87 trillion (31 December 2017 est.) $23.02 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 1	$612.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $549.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 24
Market value of publicly traded shares	$7.321 trillion (31 November 2017 est.) $8.188 trillion (December 2016 est.) $6.005 trillion (December 2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 2	$188.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $219.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) $195.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 36
Current account balance	$162.5 billion (2017 est.) $196.4 billion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 4	$-38.95 billion (2017 est.) $-32.61 billion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 198
Exports	$2.157 trillion (2017 est.) $1.99 trillion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 1	$157.3 billion (2017 est.) $150.2 billion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 34
Exports - commodities	electrical and other machinery, including computers and telecommunications equipment, apparel, furniture, textiles	apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment
Exports - partners	US 18.2%, Hong Kong 13.8%, Japan 6.1%, South Korea 4.5% (2016)	Germany 9.8%, UK 8.2%, Iraq 5.4%, Italy 5.3%, US 4.7%, France 4.2% (2016)
Imports	$1.731 trillion (2017 est.) $1.495 trillion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 2	$196.8 billion (2017 est.) $191 billion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 24
Imports - commodities	electrical and other machinery, including integrated circuits and other computer components, oil and mineral fuels; optical and medical equipment, metal ores, motor vehicles; soybeans	machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment
Imports - partners	South Korea 10%, Japan 9.2%, US 8.5%, Germany 5.4%, Australia 4.4% (2016)	China 12.8%, Germany 10.8%, Russia 7.6%, US 5.5%, Italy 5.2% (2016)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold	$3.194 trillion (31 December 2017 est.) $3.098 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 1	$107.5 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $106.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 25
Debt - external	$1.649 trillion (31 December 2017 est.) $1.467 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 14	$429.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $404.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 30
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home	$1.514 trillion (31 December 2017 est.) $1.391 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 6	$143.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $133.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 39
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad	$1.342 trillion (31 December 2017 est.) $1.227 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 12	$41.81 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $38.31 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 46
Exchange rates	Renminbi yuan (RMB) per US dollar - 7.76 (2017 est.) 6.64 (2016 est.) 6.23 (2015 est.) 6.14 (2014 est.) 6.2 (2013 est.)	Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar - 3.63 (2017 est.) 3.02 (2016 est.) 3.02 (2015 est.) 2.72 (2014 est.) 2.19 (2013 est.)

China

Turkey

Economy - overview

Since the late 1970s, China has moved from a closed, centrally planned system to a more market-oriented one that plays a major global role. China has implemented reforms in a gradualist fashion, resulting in efficiency gains that have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. Reforms began with the phaseout of collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, growth of the private sector, development of stock markets and a modern banking system, and opening to foreign trade and investment. China continues to pursue an industrial policy, state support of key sectors, and a restrictive investment regime. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts for price differences, China in 2016 stood as the largest economy in the world, surpassing the US in 2014 for the first time in modern history. China became the world's largest exporter in 2010, and the largest trading nation in 2013. Still, China's per capita income is below the world average.

After keeping its currency tightly linked to the US dollar for years, China in July 2005 moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. From mid-2005 to late 2008, the renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the US dollar, but the exchange rate remained virtually pegged to the dollar from the onset of the global financial crisis until June 2010, when Beijing announced it would allow a resumption of gradual liberalization. From 2013 until early 2015, the renminbi (RMB) appreciated roughly 2% against the dollar, but the exchange rate fell 13% from mid-2015 until end-2016 amid strong capital outflows in part stemming from the August 2015 official devaluation; in 2017 the RMB resumed appreciating against the dollar – roughly 7% from end-of-2016 to end-of-2017. From 2013 to 2017, China had one of the fastest growing economies in the world, averaging slightly more than 7% real growth per year. In 2015, the People’s Bank of China announced it would continue to carefully push for full convertibility of the renminbi, after the currency was accepted as part of the IMF’s special drawing rights basket. However, since late 2015 the Chinese Government has strengthened capital controls and oversight of overseas investments to better manage the exchange rate and maintain financial stability.

The Chinese Government faces numerous economic challenges including: (a) reducing its high domestic savings rate and correspondingly low domestic household consumption; (b) managing its high corporate debt burden to maintain financial stability; (c) controlling off-balance sheet local government debt used to finance infrastructure stimulus; (d) facilitating higher-wage job opportunities for the aspiring middle class, including rural migrants and college graduates, while maintaining competitiveness; (e) dampening speculative investment in the real estate sector without sharply slowing the economy; (f) reducing industrial overcapacity; and (g) raising productivity growth rates through the more efficient allocation of capital and state-support for innovation. Economic development has progressed further in coastal provinces than in the interior, and by 2016 more than 169.3 million migrant workers and their dependents had relocated to urban areas to find work. One consequence of China’s population control policy known as the “one-child policy” - which was relaxed in 2016 to permit all families to have two children - is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. Deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the North - is another long-term problem. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and urbanization. The Chinese Government is seeking to add energy production capacity from sources other than coal and oil, focusing on natural gas, nuclear, and clean energy development. In 2016, China ratified the Paris Agreement, a multilateral agreement to combat climate change, and committed to peak its carbon dioxide emissions between 2025 and 2030.

The government's 13th Five-Year Plan, unveiled in March 2016, emphasizes the need to increase innovation and boost domestic consumption to make the economy less dependent on government investment, exports, and heavy industry. However, China has made more progress on subsidizing innovation than rebalancing the economy. Beijing has committed to giving the market a more decisive role in allocating resources, but the Chinese Government’s policies continue to favor state-owned enterprises and emphasize stability. Chinese leaders in 2010 pledged to double China’s GDP by 2020, and the 13th Five Year Plan includes annual economic growth targets of at least 6.5% through 2020 to achieve that goal. In recent years, China has renewed its support for state-owned enterprises in sectors considered important to "economic security," explicitly looking to foster globally competitive industries. Chinese leaders also have undermined some market-oriented reforms by reaffirming the “dominant” role of the state in the economy, a stance that threatens to discourage private initiative and make the economy less efficient over time. The slight acceleration in economic growth in 2017—the first such uptick since 2010—gives Beijing more latitude to pursue its economic reforms, focusing on financial sector deleveraging and its Supply-Side Structural Reform agenda, first announced in late 2015.

Turkey's largely free-market economy is driven by its industry and, increasingly, service sectors, although its traditional agriculture sector still accounts for about 25% of employment. The automotive, petrochemical, and electronics industries have risen in importance and surpassed the traditional textiles and clothing sectors within Turkey's export mix. However, the recent period of political stability and economic dynamism has given way to domestic uncertainty and security concerns, which are generating financial market volatility and weighing on Turkey’s economic outlook.

Current government policies emphasize populist spending measures and credit breaks, while implementation of structural economic reforms has slowed. The government is playing a more active role in some strategic sectors and has used economic institutions and regulators to target political opponents, undermining private sector confidence in the judicial system. Between July 2016 and March 2017, three credit ratings agencies downgraded Turkey’s sovereign credit ratings, citing concerns about the rule of law and the pace of economic reforms.

Turkey remains highly dependent on imported oil and gas but is pursuing energy relationships with a broader set of international partners and taking steps to increase use of domestic energy sources including renewables, nuclear, and coal. The joint Turkish-Azerbaijani Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline is moving forward to increase transport of Caspian gas to Turkey and Europe, and when completed will help diversify Turkey's sources of imported gas.

After Turkey experienced a severe financial crisis in 2001, Ankara adopted financial and fiscal reforms as part of an IMF program. The reforms strengthened the country's economic fundamentals and ushered in an era of strong growth averaging more than 6% annually until 2008. An aggressive privatization program also reduced state involvement in basic industry, banking, transport, power generation, and communication. Global economic conditions and tighter fiscal policy caused GDP to contract in 2009, but Turkey's well-regulated financial markets and banking system helped the country weather the global financial crisis, and GDP growth rebounded to around 9% in 2010 and 2011, as exports and investment recovered following the crisis.

The growth of Turkish GDP since 2016 has revealed the persistent underlying imbalances in the Turkish economy. In particular, Turkey’s large current account deficit means it must rely on external investment inflows to finance growth, leaving the economy vulnerable to destabilizing shifts in investor confidence. Other troublesome trends include rising unemployment and inflation, which increased in 2017, given the Turkish lira’s continuing depreciation against the dollar. Although government debt remains low at about 30% of GDP, bank and corporate borrowing has almost tripled as a percent of GDP during the past decade, outpacing its emerging-market peers and prompting investor concerns about its long-term sustainability.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$23.12 trillion (2017 est.)

$21.66 trillion (2016 est.)

$20.3 trillion (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

country comparison to the world: 1

$2.133 trillion (2017 est.)

$2.029 trillion (2016 est.)

$1.966 trillion (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

country comparison to the world: 14

GDP (official exchange rate)

$11.94 trillion (2017 est.)

note: because China's exchange rate is determined by fiat rather than by market forces, the official exchange rate measure of GDP is not an accurate measure of China's output; GDP at the official exchange rate substantially understates the actual level of China's output vis-a-vis the rest of the world; in China's situation, GDP at purchasing power parity provides the best measure for comparing output across countries

$841.2 billion (2017 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

6.8% (2017 est.)

6.7% (2016 est.)

6.9% (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 13

5.1% (2017 est.)

3.2% (2016 est.)

6.1% (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 38

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$16,600 (2017 est.)

$15,700 (2016 est.)

$14,800 (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

country comparison to the world: 106

$26,500 (2017 est.)

$25,400 (2016 est.)

$25,000 (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

country comparison to the world: 75

Gross national saving

45.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

45.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

47.5% of GDP (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 4

25.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

24.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

24.8% of GDP (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 49

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 39.1%

government consumption: 14.6%

investment in fixed capital: 43.3%

investment in inventories: 1.1%

exports of goods and services: 19.6%

imports of goods and services: -17.7% (2017 est.)

household consumption: 59.8%

government consumption: 15.3%

investment in fixed capital: 28.6%

investment in inventories: -0.9%

exports of goods and services: 24%

imports of goods and services: -26.8% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 8.2%

industry: 39.5%

services: 52.2%

(2017 est.)

agriculture: 6.7%

industry: 31.8%

services: 61.4% (2017 est.)

Agriculture - products

world leader in gross value of agricultural output; rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, tobacco, peanuts, tea, apples, cotton, pork, mutton, eggs; fish, shrimp

tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, hazelnuts, pulses, citrus; livestock

Industries

world leader in gross value of industrial output; mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizer; consumer products (including footwear, toys, and electronics); food processing; transportation equipment, including automobiles, railcars and locomotives, ships, aircraft; telecommunications equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites

textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

Industrial production growth rate

6.2% (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 32

3% (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 100

Labor force

806.7 million

note: by the end of 2012, China's population at working age (15-64 years) was 1.004 billion (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

31.3 million

note: this number is for the domestic labor force only; number does not include about 1.2 million Turks working abroad, nor refugees (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 20

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 28.3%

industry: 29.3%

services: 42.4%

(2016 est.)

agriculture: 18.4%

industry: 26.6%

services: 54.9% (2016 est.)

Unemployment rate

4% (2017 est.)

4% (2016 est.)

note: data are for registered urban unemployment, which excludes private enterprises and migrants

country comparison to the world: 48

11.2% (2017 est.)

10.9% (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 147

Population below poverty line

3.3%

note: in 2011, China set a new poverty line at RMB 2300 (approximately US $400)

(2016 est.)

21.9% (2015 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.1%

highest 10%: 31.4%

note: data are for urban households only (2012 est.)

lowest 10%: 2.1%

highest 10%: 30.3% (2008 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

46.5 (2016 est.)

46.2 (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 31

40.2 (2010 est.)

43.6 (2003 est.)

country comparison to the world: 65

Budget

revenues: $2.672 trillion

expenditures: $3.146 trillion (2017 est.)

revenues: $173.9 billion

expenditures: $190.4 billion (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

22.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 134

20.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 147

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-4% of GDP (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 143

-2% of GDP (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 86

Public debt

18.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

16.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: official data; data cover both central government debt and local government debt, including debt officially recognized by China's National Audit Office report in 2011; data exclude policy bank bonds, Ministry of Railway debt, and China Asset Management Company debt

country comparison to the world: 190

29.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

29.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 165

Fiscal year

calendar year

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.8% (2017 est.)

2% (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 82

10.9% (2017 est.)

7.8% (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 205

Central bank discount rate

2.25% (5 December 2017 est.)

2.25% (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 115

5.25% (31 December 2011 est.)

15% (22 December 2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 79

Commercial bank prime lending rate

4.4% (5 December 2017 est.)

4.35% (30 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 154

15.2% (31 December 2017 est.)

14.74% (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 42

Stock of narrow money

$8.16 trillion (31 October 2017 est.)

$7.001 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

$122 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$108.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 33

Stock of broad money

$25.24 trillion (October 2017 est.)

$22.3 trillion (December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

$445 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$399.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 24

Stock of domestic credit

$26.87 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$23.02 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

$612.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$549.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 24

Market value of publicly traded shares

$7.321 trillion (31 November 2017 est.)

$8.188 trillion (December 2016 est.)

$6.005 trillion (December 2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

$188.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$219.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$195.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

country comparison to the world: 36

Current account balance

$162.5 billion (2017 est.)

$196.4 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 4

$-38.95 billion (2017 est.)

$-32.61 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 198

Exports

$2.157 trillion (2017 est.)

$1.99 trillion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

$157.3 billion (2017 est.)

$150.2 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 34

Exports - commodities

electrical and other machinery, including computers and telecommunications equipment, apparel, furniture, textiles

apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment

Exports - partners

US 18.2%, Hong Kong 13.8%, Japan 6.1%, South Korea 4.5% (2016)

Germany 9.8%, UK 8.2%, Iraq 5.4%, Italy 5.3%, US 4.7%, France 4.2% (2016)

Imports

$1.731 trillion (2017 est.)

$1.495 trillion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

$196.8 billion (2017 est.)

$191 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 24

Imports - commodities

electrical and other machinery, including integrated circuits and other computer components, oil and mineral fuels; optical and medical equipment, metal ores, motor vehicles; soybeans

machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment

Imports - partners

South Korea 10%, Japan 9.2%, US 8.5%, Germany 5.4%, Australia 4.4% (2016)

China 12.8%, Germany 10.8%, Russia 7.6%, US 5.5%, Italy 5.2% (2016)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$3.194 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$3.098 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

$107.5 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$106.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 25

Debt - external

$1.649 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.467 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 14

$429.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$404.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 30

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$1.514 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.391 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6

$143.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$133.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 39

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$1.342 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.227 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 12

$41.81 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$38.31 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 46

Exchange rates

Renminbi yuan (RMB) per US dollar -

7.76 (2017 est.)

6.64 (2016 est.)

6.23 (2015 est.)

6.14 (2014 est.)

6.2 (2013 est.)

Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar -

3.63 (2017 est.)

3.02 (2016 est.)

3.02 (2015 est.)

2.72 (2014 est.)

2.19 (2013 est.)

Energy comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

	China	Turkey
Electricity access	population without electricity: 1,200,000 electrification - total population: 99.9% electrification - urban areas: 100% electrification - rural areas: 99.8% (2016)	electrification - total population: 100% (2016)
Electricity - production	6.142 trillion kWh (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 1	245.8 billion kWh (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 19
Electricity - consumption	5.92 trillion kWh (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 1	213.2 billion kWh (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 20
Electricity - exports	18.91 billion kWh (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 11	1.442 billion kWh (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 49
Electricity - imports	6.185 billion kWh (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 34	6.4 billion kWh (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 33
Electricity - installed generating capacity	1.646 billion kW (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 2	73.15 million kW (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 15
Electricity - from fossil fuels	64% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 117	56.8% of total installed capacity (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 138
Electricity - from nuclear fuels	2% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 28	0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 195
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants	20.2% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 88	35.4% of total installed capacity (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 59
Electricity - from other renewable sources	13.7% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 53	11.2% of total installed capacity (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 66
Crude oil - production	3.981 million bbl/day (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 6	49,500 bbl/day (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 55
Crude oil - exports	32,000 bbl/day (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 47	0 bbl/day (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 200
Crude oil - imports	6.167 million bbl/day (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 2	506,300 bbl/day (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 18
Crude oil - proved reserves	25.62 billion bbl (1 January 2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 13	388.5 million bbl (1 January 2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 54
Refined petroleum products - production	10.85 million bbl/day (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 3	618,300 bbl/day (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 29
Refined petroleum products - consumption	11.75 million bbl/day (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 3	943,700 bbl/day (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 24
Refined petroleum products - exports	709,900 bbl/day (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 10	134,900 bbl/day (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 39
Refined petroleum products - imports	971,900 bbl/day (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 6	527,700 bbl/day (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 16
Natural gas - production	138.4 billion cu m (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 6	381 million cu m (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 73
Natural gas - consumption	210.3 billion cu m (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 6	81.35 billion cu m (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 15
Natural gas - exports	3.243 billion cu m (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 35	624 million cu m (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 41
Natural gas - imports	75.1 billion cu m (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 5	48.43 billion cu m (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 7
Natural gas - proved reserves	5.194 trillion cu m (1 January 2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 10	18.49 billion cu m (1 January 2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 77
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy	9.135 billion Mt (2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 1	319 million Mt (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 20

China

Turkey

Electricity access

population without electricity: 1,200,000

electrification - total population: 99.9%

electrification - urban areas: 100%

electrification - rural areas: 99.8% (2016)

electrification - total population: 100% (2016)

Electricity - production

6.142 trillion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

245.8 billion kWh (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 19

Electricity - consumption

5.92 trillion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

213.2 billion kWh (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 20

Electricity - exports

18.91 billion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 11

1.442 billion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 49

Electricity - imports

6.185 billion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 34

6.4 billion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 33

Electricity - installed generating capacity

1.646 billion kW (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

73.15 million kW (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 15

Electricity - from fossil fuels

64% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 117

56.8% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 138

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

2% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 28

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 195

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

20.2% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 88

35.4% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 59

Electricity - from other renewable sources

13.7% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 53

11.2% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 66

Crude oil - production

3.981 million bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6

49,500 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 55

Crude oil - exports

32,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)

country comparison to the world: 47

0 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 200

Crude oil - imports

6.167 million bbl/day (2014 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

506,300 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 18

Crude oil - proved reserves

25.62 billion bbl (1 January 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 13

388.5 million bbl (1 January 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 54

Refined petroleum products - production

10.85 million bbl/day (2014 est.)

country comparison to the world: 3

618,300 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 29

Refined petroleum products - consumption

11.75 million bbl/day (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 3

943,700 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 24

Refined petroleum products - exports

709,900 bbl/day (2014 est.)

country comparison to the world: 10

134,900 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 39

Refined petroleum products - imports

971,900 bbl/day (2014 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6

527,700 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 16

Natural gas - production

138.4 billion cu m (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6

381 million cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 73

Natural gas - consumption

210.3 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6

81.35 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 15

Natural gas - exports

3.243 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 35

624 million cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 41

Natural gas - imports

75.1 billion cu m (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 5

48.43 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 7

Natural gas - proved reserves

5.194 trillion cu m (1 January 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 10

18.49 billion cu m (1 January 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 77

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

9.135 billion Mt (2014 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

319 million Mt (2013 est.)

country comparison to the world: 20

Communications comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

	China	Turkey
Telephones - fixed lines	total subscriptions: 206.624 million subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 2	total subscriptions: 11,077,559 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 18
Telephones - mobile cellular	total: 1,364.934 million subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 99 (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 1	total: 75,061,699 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 93 (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 22
Telephone system	general assessment: domestic and international services are available for private use; unevenly distributed domestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and many towns; China continues to develop its telecommunications infrastructure; China in the summer of 2008 began a major restructuring of its telecommunications industry, resulting in the consolidation of its six telecom service operators to three, China Telecom, China Mobile, and China Unicom, each providing both fixed-line and mobile services (2016) domestic: interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular telephone systems have been installed; mobile-cellular subscribership is increasing rapidly; the number of Internet users now over 55% of the population; a domestic satellite system with several earth stations is in place (2018) international: country code - 86; a number of submarine cables provide connectivity to Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and the US; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean; 1 Intersputnik - Indian Ocean region; and 1 Inmarsat - Pacific and Indian Ocean regions) (2012)	general assessment: comprehensive telecommunications network undergoing rapid modernization and expansion, especially in mobile-cellular services domestic: additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay, is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 105 telephones per 100 persons international: country code - 90; international service is provided by the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable and by submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas that link Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia; satellite earth stations - 12 Intelsat; mobile satellite terminals - 328 in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2016)
Broadcast media	all broadcast media are owned by, or affiliated with, the Communist Party of China or a government agency; no privately owned TV or radio stations; state-run Chinese Central TV, provincial, and municipal stations offer more than 2,000 channels; the Central Propaganda Department sends directives to all domestic media outlets to guide	Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) operates multiple TV and radio networks and stations; multiple privately owned national television stations and up to 300 private regional and local television stations; multi-channel cable TV subscriptions available; more than 1,000 private radio broadcast stations (2009)
Internet country code	.cn	.tr
Internet users	total: 730,723,960 percent of population: 53.2% (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 1	total: 46,838,412 percent of population: 58.3% (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 16

Transportation comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

	China	Turkey
National air transport system	number of registered air carriers: 56 inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 2,890 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 436,183,969 annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 19.806 billion mt-km (2015)	number of registered air carriers: 15 inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 531 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 96,604,665 annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2,882.162 million mt-km (2015)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix	B (2016)	TC (2016)
Airports	507 (2013) country comparison to the world: 14	98 (2013) country comparison to the world: 58
Airports - with paved runways	total: 463 over 3,047 m: 71 2,438 to 3,047 m: 158 1,524 to 2,437 m: 123 914 to 1,523 m: 25 under 914 m: 86 (2017)	total: 91 over 3,047 m: 16 2,438 to 3,047 m: 38 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 16 under 914 m: 4 (2013)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 44 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 18 (2013)	total: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 2 (2013)
Heliports	47 (2013)	20 (2013)
Pipelines	gas 70,000 km; crude oil 22,900 km; refined petroleum products 25,500 km; water 710,206 km (2015)	gas 12,603 km; oil 3,038 km (2016)
Railways	total: 124,000 km standard gauge: 124,000 km 1.435-m gauge (80,000 km electrified); 102,000 traditional, 22,000 high-speed (2017) country comparison to the world: 2	total: 12,008 km standard gauge: 12,008 km 1.435-m gauge (3,216 km electrified) (2014) country comparison to the world: 21
Roadways	total: 4,577,300 km paved: 4,046,300 km (includes 123,500 km of expressways) unpaved: 531,000 km (2015) country comparison to the world: 3	total: 385,754 km paved: 352,268 km (includes 2,127 km of expressways) unpaved: 33,486 km (2012) country comparison to the world: 19
Waterways	110,000 km (navigable waterways) (2011) country comparison to the world: 1	1,200 km (2010) country comparison to the world: 59
Merchant marine	total: 4,287 by type: bulk carrier 1,069, container ship 198, general cargo 697, oil tanker 480, other 1,843 (2017) country comparison to the world: 4	total: 1,285 by type: bulk carrier 78, container ship 50, general cargo 432, oil tanker 121, other 604 (2017) country comparison to the world: 22
Ports and terminals	major seaport(s): Dalian, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Tianjin river port(s): Guangzhou (Pearl) container port(s) (TEUs): Dalian (9,591,000), Guangzhou (17,097,000), Ningbo (20,636,000), Qingdao (17,323,000), Shanghai (36,516,000), Shenzhen (24,142,000), Tianjin (13,881,000)(2015) LNG terminal(s) (import): Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Shanghai, Tangshan, Zhejiang	major seaport(s): Aliaga, Ambarli, Diliskelesi, Eregli, Izmir, Kocaeli (Izmit), Mersin (Icel), Limani, Yarimca container port(s) (TEUs): Ambarli (3,062,000), Mersin (Icel) (1,428,000) (2015) LNG terminal(s) (import): Izmir Aliaga, Marmara Ereglisi
Transportation - note	seven of the world’s ten largest container ports are in China	-

Military comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

	China	Turkey
Military expenditures	1.9% of GDP (2016) 1.95% of GDP (2015) 1.9% of GDP (2014) 1.85% of GDP (2013) 1.84% of GDP (2012) country comparison to the world: 50	1.73% of GDP (2016) 1.85% of GDP (2015) 1.9% of GDP (2014) 1.96% of GDP (2013) 2.05% of GDP (2012) country comparison to the world: 61
Military branches	People's Liberation Army (PLA): Army, Navy (PLAN, includes marines and naval aviation), Air Force (Zhongguo Renmin Jiefangjun Kongjun, PLAAF, includes airborne forces), Rocket Force (strategic missile force), and Strategic Support Force (space and cyber forces); People's Armed Police (Renmin Wuzhuang Jingcha Budui, PAP); PLA Reserve Force (2016)	Turkish Armed Forces (TSK): Turkish Land Forces (Turk Kara Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (Turk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Forces (Turk Hava Kuvvetleri) (2013)
Military service age and obligation	18-22 years of age for selective compulsory military service, with a 2-year service obligation; no minimum age for voluntary service (all officers are volunteers); 18-19 years of age for women high school graduates who meet requirements for specific military jobs; a recent military decision allows women in combat roles; the first class of women warship commanders was in 2011 (2012)	21-41 years of age for male compulsory military service (in case of mobilization, up to 65 years of age); 18 years of age for voluntary service; 12-month conscript obligation for non-university graduates, 6-12 months for university graduates (graduates of higher education may perform 6 months of military service as short-term privates, or 12 months as reserve officers); conscripts are called to register at age 20, for service at 21; women serve in the Turkish Armed Forces only as officers; reserve obligation to age 41; Turkish citizens with a residence or work permit who have worked abroad for at least 3 years (1095 days) can be exempt from military service in exchange for 6,000 EUR or its equivalent in foreign currencies; a law passed in December 2014 introduced a one-time payment scheme which exempted Turkish citizens 27 and older from conscription in exchange for a payment of $8,150 (2013)
Military - note	-	the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) has actively pursued the goal of asserting civilian control over the military since first taking power in 2002; the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) role in internal security has been significantly reduced; the TSK leadership continues to be an influential institution within Turkey, but plays a much smaller role in politics; the Turkish military remains focused on the threats emanating from the Syrian civil war, Russia's actions in Ukraine, and the PKK insurgency; primary domestic threats are listed as fundamentalism (with the definition in some dispute with the civilian government), separatism (Kurdish discontent), and the extreme left wing; Ankara strongly opposed establishment of an autonomous Kurdish region in Iraq; an overhaul of the Turkish Land Forces Command (TLFC) taking place under the "Force 2014" program is to produce 20-30% smaller, more highly trained forces characterized by greater mobility and firepower and capable of joint and combined operations; the TLFC has taken on increasing international peacekeeping responsibilities including in Afghanistan; the Turkish Navy is a regional naval power that wants to develop the capability to project power beyond Turkey's coastal waters; the Navy is heavily involved in NATO, multinational, and UN operations; its roles include control of territorial waters and security for sea lines of communications; the Turkish Air Force adopted an "Aerospace and Missile Defense Concept" in 2002 and has initiated project work on an integrated missile defense system; Air Force priorities include attaining a modern deployable, survivable, and sustainable force structure, and establishing a sustainable command and control system; Turkey is a NATO ally and hosts NATO's Land Forces Command in Izmir, as well as the AN/TPY-2 radar as part of NATO Missile Defense (2014)

Transnational comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

	China	Turkey
Disputes - international	continuing talks and confidence-building measures work toward reducing tensions over Kashmir that nonetheless remains militarized with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; China and India continue their security and foreign policy dialogue started in 2005 related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, and other matters; China claims most of India's Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the Himalayas; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the most contentious of which lie in Bhutan's west along China's Chumbi salient; Burmese forces attempting to dig in to the largely autonomous Shan State to rout local militias tied to the drug trade, prompts local residents to periodically flee into neighboring Yunnan Province in China; Chinese maps show an international boundary symbol off the coasts of the littoral states of the South China Seas, where China has interrupted Vietnamese hydrocarbon exploration; China asserts sovereignty over Scarborough Reef along with the Philippines and Taiwan, and over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Brunei; the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea eased tensions in the Spratlys but is not the legally binding code of conduct sought by some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of facilities in the Spratlys and in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands;	complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq; in 2009, Swiss mediators facilitated an accord reestablishing diplomatic ties between Armenia and Turkey, but neither side has ratified the agreement and the rapprochement effort has faltered; Turkish authorities have complained that blasting from quarries in Armenia might be damaging the medieval ruins of Ani, on the other side of the Arpacay valley
Refugees and internally displaced persons	refugees (country of origin): 317,098 (Vietnam); undetermined (North Korea) (2016) IDPs: undetermined (2014)	refugees (country of origin): 157,000 (Afghanistan); 152,000 (Iraq); 33,000 (Iran) (2017); 3,589,384 (Syria) (2018) IDPs: 1.113 million (displaced from 1984-2005 because of fighting between the Kurdish PKK and Turkish military; most IDPs are Kurds from eastern and southeastern provinces; no information available on persons displaced by development projects) (2017) stateless persons: 780 (2016)
Trafficking in persons	current situation: China is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Chinese adults and children are forced into prostitution and various forms of forced labor, including begging and working in brick kilns, coal mines, and factories; women and children are recruited from rural areas and taken to urban centers for sexual exploitation, often lured by criminal syndicates or gangs with fraudulent job offers; state-sponsored forced labor, where detainees work for up to four years often with no remuneration, continues to be a serious concern; Chinese men, women, and children also may be subjected to conditions of sex trafficking and forced labor worldwide, particularly in overseas Chinese communities; women and children are trafficked to China from neighboring countries, as well as Africa and the Americas, for forced labor and prostitution tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - China does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; official data for 2014 states that 194 alleged traffickers were arrested and at least 35 were convicted, but the government’s conflation of human trafficking with other crimes makes it difficult to assess law enforcement efforts to investigate and to prosecute trafficking offenses according to international law; despite reports of complicity, no government officials were investigated, prosecuted, or convicted for their roles in trafficking offenses; authorities did not adequately protect victims and did not provide the data needed to ascertain the number of victims identified or assisted or the services provided; the National People’s Congress ratified a decision to abolish “reform through labor” in 2013, but some continued to operate as state-sponsored drug detention or “custody and education” centers that force inmates to perform manual labor; some North Korean refugees continued to be forcibly repatriated as illegal economic migrants, despite reports that some were trafficking victims (2015)	-
Illicit drugs	major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle region of Southeast Asia; growing domestic consumption of synthetic drugs, and heroin from Southeast and Southwest Asia; source country for methamphetamine and heroin chemical precursors, despite new regulations on its large chemical industry; more people believed to be convicted and executed for drug offences than anywhere else in the world, according to NGOs	key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe and, to a lesser extent, the US - via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin exist in remote regions of Turkey and near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and over output of poppy straw concentrate; lax enforcement of money-laundering controls

CNY to TRY Historical Rates

year	by month
CNY to TRY in 2023	CNY to TRY in 2023-06 CNY to TRY in 2023-05 CNY to TRY in 2023-04 CNY to TRY in 2023-03 CNY to TRY in 2023-02 CNY to TRY in 2023-01
CNY to TRY in 2022	CNY to TRY in 2022-12 CNY to TRY in 2022-11 CNY to TRY in 2022-10 CNY to TRY in 2022-09 CNY to TRY in 2022-08 CNY to TRY in 2022-07 CNY to TRY in 2022-06 CNY to TRY in 2022-05 CNY to TRY in 2022-04 CNY to TRY in 2022-03 CNY to TRY in 2022-02 CNY to TRY in 2022-01
CNY to TRY in 2021	CNY to TRY in 2021-12 CNY to TRY in 2021-11 CNY to TRY in 2021-10 CNY to TRY in 2021-09 CNY to TRY in 2021-08 CNY to TRY in 2021-07 CNY to TRY in 2021-06 CNY to TRY in 2021-05 CNY to TRY in 2021-04 CNY to TRY in 2021-03 CNY to TRY in 2021-02 CNY to TRY in 2021-01
CNY to TRY in 2020	CNY to TRY in 2020-12 CNY to TRY in 2020-11 CNY to TRY in 2020-10 CNY to TRY in 2020-09 CNY to TRY in 2020-08 CNY to TRY in 2020-07 CNY to TRY in 2020-06 CNY to TRY in 2020-05 CNY to TRY in 2020-04 CNY to TRY in 2020-03 CNY to TRY in 2020-02 CNY to TRY in 2020-01
CNY to TRY in 2019	CNY to TRY in 2019-12 CNY to TRY in 2019-11 CNY to TRY in 2019-10 CNY to TRY in 2019-09 CNY to TRY in 2019-08 CNY to TRY in 2019-07 CNY to TRY in 2019-06 CNY to TRY in 2019-05 CNY to TRY in 2019-04 CNY to TRY in 2019-03 CNY to TRY in 2019-02 CNY to TRY in 2019-01
CNY to TRY in 2018	CNY to TRY in 2018-12 CNY to TRY in 2018-11 CNY to TRY in 2018-10 CNY to TRY in 2018-09 CNY to TRY in 2018-08 CNY to TRY in 2018-07 CNY to TRY in 2018-06 CNY to TRY in 2018-05 CNY to TRY in 2018-04 CNY to TRY in 2018-03 CNY to TRY in 2018-02 CNY to TRY in 2018-01
CNY to TRY in 2017	CNY to TRY in 2017-12 CNY to TRY in 2017-11 CNY to TRY in 2017-10 CNY to TRY in 2017-09 CNY to TRY in 2017-08 CNY to TRY in 2017-07 CNY to TRY in 2017-06 CNY to TRY in 2017-05 CNY to TRY in 2017-04 CNY to TRY in 2017-03 CNY to TRY in 2017-02 CNY to TRY in 2017-01
CNY to TRY in 2016	CNY to TRY in 2016-12 CNY to TRY in 2016-11 CNY to TRY in 2016-10 CNY to TRY in 2016-09 CNY to TRY in 2016-08 CNY to TRY in 2016-07 CNY to TRY in 2016-06 CNY to TRY in 2016-05 CNY to TRY in 2016-04 CNY to TRY in 2016-03 CNY to TRY in 2016-02 CNY to TRY in 2016-01
CNY to TRY in 2015	CNY to TRY in 2015-12 CNY to TRY in 2015-11 CNY to TRY in 2015-10 CNY to TRY in 2015-09 CNY to TRY in 2015-08 CNY to TRY in 2015-07 CNY to TRY in 2015-06 CNY to TRY in 2015-05 CNY to TRY in 2015-04 CNY to TRY in 2015-03 CNY to TRY in 2015-02 CNY to TRY in 2015-01
CNY to TRY in 2014	CNY to TRY in 2014-12 CNY to TRY in 2014-11 CNY to TRY in 2014-10 CNY to TRY in 2014-09 CNY to TRY in 2014-08 CNY to TRY in 2014-07 CNY to TRY in 2014-06 CNY to TRY in 2014-05 CNY to TRY in 2014-04 CNY to TRY in 2014-03 CNY to TRY in 2014-02 CNY to TRY in 2014-01
CNY to TRY in 2013	CNY to TRY in 2013-12 CNY to TRY in 2013-11 CNY to TRY in 2013-10 CNY to TRY in 2013-09 CNY to TRY in 2013-08 CNY to TRY in 2013-07 CNY to TRY in 2013-06 CNY to TRY in 2013-05 CNY to TRY in 2013-04 CNY to TRY in 2013-03 CNY to TRY in 2013-02 CNY to TRY in 2013-01
CNY to TRY in 2012	CNY to TRY in 2012-12 CNY to TRY in 2012-11 CNY to TRY in 2012-10 CNY to TRY in 2012-09 CNY to TRY in 2012-08 CNY to TRY in 2012-07 CNY to TRY in 2012-06 CNY to TRY in 2012-05 CNY to TRY in 2012-04 CNY to TRY in 2012-03 CNY to TRY in 2012-02 CNY to TRY in 2012-01
CNY to TRY in 2011	CNY to TRY in 2011-12 CNY to TRY in 2011-11 CNY to TRY in 2011-10 CNY to TRY in 2011-09 CNY to TRY in 2011-08 CNY to TRY in 2011-07 CNY to TRY in 2011-06 CNY to TRY in 2011-05 CNY to TRY in 2011-04 CNY to TRY in 2011-03 CNY to TRY in 2011-02 CNY to TRY in 2011-01
CNY to TRY in 2010	CNY to TRY in 2010-12 CNY to TRY in 2010-11 CNY to TRY in 2010-10 CNY to TRY in 2010-09 CNY to TRY in 2010-08 CNY to TRY in 2010-07 CNY to TRY in 2010-06 CNY to TRY in 2010-05 CNY to TRY in 2010-04 CNY to TRY in 2010-03 CNY to TRY in 2010-02 CNY to TRY in 2010-01
CNY to TRY in 2009	CNY to TRY in 2009-12 CNY to TRY in 2009-11 CNY to TRY in 2009-10 CNY to TRY in 2009-09 CNY to TRY in 2009-08 CNY to TRY in 2009-07 CNY to TRY in 2009-06 CNY to TRY in 2009-05 CNY to TRY in 2009-04 CNY to TRY in 2009-03 CNY to TRY in 2009-02 CNY to TRY in 2009-01
CNY to TRY in 2008	CNY to TRY in 2008-12 CNY to TRY in 2008-11 CNY to TRY in 2008-10 CNY to TRY in 2008-09 CNY to TRY in 2008-08 CNY to TRY in 2008-07 CNY to TRY in 2008-06 CNY to TRY in 2008-05 CNY to TRY in 2008-04 CNY to TRY in 2008-03 CNY to TRY in 2008-02 CNY to TRY in 2008-01
CNY to TRY in 2007	CNY to TRY in 2007-12 CNY to TRY in 2007-11 CNY to TRY in 2007-10 CNY to TRY in 2007-09 CNY to TRY in 2007-08 CNY to TRY in 2007-07 CNY to TRY in 2007-06 CNY to TRY in 2007-05 CNY to TRY in 2007-04 CNY to TRY in 2007-03 CNY to TRY in 2007-02 CNY to TRY in 2007-01
CNY to TRY in 2006	CNY to TRY in 2006-12 CNY to TRY in 2006-11 CNY to TRY in 2006-10 CNY to TRY in 2006-09 CNY to TRY in 2006-08 CNY to TRY in 2006-07 CNY to TRY in 2006-06 CNY to TRY in 2006-05 CNY to TRY in 2006-04 CNY to TRY in 2006-03 CNY to TRY in 2006-02 CNY to TRY in 2006-01
CNY to TRY in 2005	CNY to TRY in 2005-12 CNY to TRY in 2005-11 CNY to TRY in 2005-10 CNY to TRY in 2005-09 CNY to TRY in 2005-08 CNY to TRY in 2005-07 CNY to TRY in 2005-06 CNY to TRY in 2005-05 CNY to TRY in 2005-04 CNY to TRY in 2005-03 CNY to TRY in 2005-02 CNY to TRY in 2005-01
CNY to TRY in 2004	CNY to TRY in 2004-12 CNY to TRY in 2004-11 CNY to TRY in 2004-10 CNY to TRY in 2004-09 CNY to TRY in 2004-08 CNY to TRY in 2004-07 CNY to TRY in 2004-06 CNY to TRY in 2004-05 CNY to TRY in 2004-04 CNY to TRY in 2004-03 CNY to TRY in 2004-02 CNY to TRY in 2004-01
CNY to TRY in 2003	CNY to TRY in 2003-12 CNY to TRY in 2003-11 CNY to TRY in 2003-10 CNY to TRY in 2003-09 CNY to TRY in 2003-08 CNY to TRY in 2003-07 CNY to TRY in 2003-06 CNY to TRY in 2003-05 CNY to TRY in 2003-04 CNY to TRY in 2003-03 CNY to TRY in 2003-02 CNY to TRY in 2003-01
CNY to TRY in 2002	CNY to TRY in 2002-12 CNY to TRY in 2002-11 CNY to TRY in 2002-10 CNY to TRY in 2002-09 CNY to TRY in 2002-08 CNY to TRY in 2002-07 CNY to TRY in 2002-06 CNY to TRY in 2002-05 CNY to TRY in 2002-04 CNY to TRY in 2002-03 CNY to TRY in 2002-02 CNY to TRY in 2002-01
CNY to TRY in 2001	CNY to TRY in 2001-12 CNY to TRY in 2001-11 CNY to TRY in 2001-10 CNY to TRY in 2001-09 CNY to TRY in 2001-08 CNY to TRY in 2001-07 CNY to TRY in 2001-06 CNY to TRY in 2001-05 CNY to TRY in 2001-04 CNY to TRY in 2001-03 CNY to TRY in 2001-02 CNY to TRY in 2001-01
CNY to TRY in 2000	CNY to TRY in 2000-12 CNY to TRY in 2000-11 CNY to TRY in 2000-10 CNY to TRY in 2000-09 CNY to TRY in 2000-08 CNY to TRY in 2000-07 CNY to TRY in 2000-06 CNY to TRY in 2000-05 CNY to TRY in 2000-04 CNY to TRY in 2000-03 CNY to TRY in 2000-02 CNY to TRY in 2000-01

All CNY Exchange Rates Now

Exchange	Rate	Exchange	Rate	Exchange	Rate
CNY to AED rate	0.51516 ▼	CNY to ALL rate	14.03966 ▼	CNY to ANG rate	0.25268 ▼
CNY to ARS rate	34.16104 ▲	CNY to AUD rate	0.21076 ▲	CNY to AWG rate	0.25281 ▼
CNY to BBD rate	0.28051 ▼	CNY to BDT rate	15.1375 ▼	CNY to BGN rate	0.25634 ▼
CNY to BHD rate	0.05288 ▼	CNY to BIF rate	397.13596 ▲	CNY to BMD rate	0.14026 ▼
CNY to BND rate	0.18913 ▼	CNY to BOB rate	0.96877 ▼	CNY to BRL rate	0.68954 ▼
CNY to BSD rate	0.14026 ▼	CNY to BTN rate	11.56769 ▼	CNY to BZD rate	0.28259 ▼
CNY to CAD rate	0.1876 ▼	CNY to CHF rate	0.1276 ▲	CNY to CLP rate	111.11953 ▼
CNY to COP rate	592.69692 ▼	CNY to CRC rate	75.28916 ▼	CNY to CZK rate	3.09812 ▲
CNY to DKK rate	0.97643 ▼	CNY to DOP rate	7.67343 ▼	CNY to DZD rate	19.13355 ▼
CNY to EGP rate	4.34032 ▲	CNY to ETB rate	7.62995 ▼	CNY to EUR rate	0.13107 ▼
CNY to FJD rate	0.31378 ▼	CNY to GBP rate	0.11271 ▼	CNY to GMD rate	8.33754 ▼
CNY to GNF rate	1213.21776 ▲	CNY to GTQ rate	1.0978 ▼	CNY to HKD rate	1.09993 ▼
CNY to HNL rate	3.46854 ▼	CNY to HRK rate	0.98761 ▼	CNY to HTG rate	19.55745 ▲
CNY to HUF rate	48.30165 ▼	CNY to IDR rate	2086.85666 ▼	CNY to ILS rate	0.51255 ▼
CNY to INR rate	11.5892 ▼	CNY to IQD rate	183.73587 ▼	CNY to IRR rate	5934.59845 ▼
CNY to ISK rate	19.70181 ▼	CNY to JMD rate	21.7319 ▼	CNY to JOD rate	0.0995 ▼
CNY to JPY rate	19.65629 ▲	CNY to KES rate	19.52369 ▲	CNY to KMF rate	64.58806 ▼
CNY to KRW rate	183.38981 ▲	CNY to KWD rate	0.04316 ▼	CNY to KYD rate	0.11683 ▼
CNY to KZT rate	62.46689 ▼	CNY to LBP rate	2138.90993 ▲	CNY to LKR rate	40.94019 ▼
CNY to LSL rate	2.69433 ▼	CNY to MAD rate	1.43083 ▼	CNY to MDL rate	2.49279 ▼
CNY to MKD rate	8.07794 ▼	CNY to MNT rate	493.56223 ▼	CNY to MOP rate	1.13249 ▼
CNY to MUR rate	6.46798 ▼	CNY to MVR rate	2.15294 ▼	CNY to MWK rate	142.71088 ▼
CNY to MXN rate	2.43572 ▼	CNY to MYR rate	0.64623 ▼	CNY to NAD rate	2.69433 ▼
CNY to NGN rate	64.79845 ▼	CNY to NIO rate	5.12216 ▼	CNY to NOK rate	1.54838 ▼
CNY to NPR rate	18.50829 ▼	CNY to NZD rate	0.23222 ▲	CNY to OMR rate	0.054 ▼
CNY to PAB rate	0.14026 ▼	CNY to PEN rate	0.51544 ▼	CNY to PGK rate	0.4937 ▼
CNY to PHP rate	7.86817 ▼	CNY to PKR rate	40.21501 ▼	CNY to PLN rate	0.58799 ▼
CNY to PYG rate	1015.72006 ▼	CNY to QAR rate	0.51067 ▼	CNY to RON rate	0.65013 ▼
CNY to RUB rate	11.50114 ▲	CNY to RWF rate	159.12087 ▲	CNY to SAR rate	0.52591 ▼
CNY to SBD rate	1.1694 ▼	CNY to SCR rate	1.84975 ▼	CNY to SEK rate	1.52849 ▼
CNY to SGD rate	0.18918 ▼	CNY to SLL rate	2477.62911 ▼	CNY to SVC rate	1.22681 ▼
CNY to SZL rate	2.69362 ▼	CNY to THB rate	4.88794 ▲	CNY to TND rate	0.43627 ▼
CNY to TOP rate	0.33161 ▼	CNY to TRY rate	3.25666 ▲	CNY to TTD rate	0.95098 ▼
CNY to TWD rate	4.31382 ▼	CNY to TZS rate	332.5479 ▼	CNY to UAH rate	5.17716 ▼
CNY to UGX rate	523.64416 ▼	CNY to USD rate	0.14026 ▼	CNY to UYU rate	5.43924 ▼
CNY to VUV rate	16.68756 ▼	CNY to WST rate	0.38227 ▼	CNY to XAF rate	85.9784 ▼
CNY to XCD rate	0.37905 ▼	CNY to XOF rate	85.9784 ▼	CNY to XPF rate	15.6412 ▼
CNY to YER rate	35.11318 ▼	CNY to ZAR rate	2.68406 ▼

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CNY to TRY Live Rate

CNY to TRY Rate Chart

CNY Popular Exchange Rates(today)

Economic indicators of China and Turkey

CNY to TRY Historical Rates(table)

CNY to TRY Handy Conversion

Comparison between China and Turkey

Background comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

Geography comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

People comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

Government comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

Economy comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

Energy comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

Communications comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

Transportation comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

Military comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

Transnational comparison between [China] and [Turkey]

CNY to TRY Historical Rates

All CNY Exchange Rates Now